Botulinum Toxin Type A and B Primary Resistance

Botulinum toxin type B micromechanosensor.

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) types A, B, E, and F are toxic to humans; early and rapid detection is essential for adequate medical treatment. Presently available tests for detection of BoNTs, although sensitive, require hours to days. We report a BoNT-B sensor whose properties allow detection of BoNT-B within minutes. The technique relies on the detection of an agarose bead detachment from the t...

BOTULINUM TOXIN (TYPE A and TYPE B) (BOTOX) RX501.019

Botulinum toxin type B for dynamic glabellar rhytides refractory to botulinum toxin type A.

BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin type B (BTX-B; Myobloc) has recently been introduced for the treatment of dynamic rhytides. This serotype is structurally similar to botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A; Botox) and appears to produce equivalent muscular paralysis. Because of the fact that some patients may become resistant to the effects of BTX-A with its continued use or may require large doses of type A t...

Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia.

BACKGROUND Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia. It is characterized by involuntary posturing of the head and frequently is associated with neck pain. Disability and social withdrawal are common. Most cases of cervical dystonia are idiopathic and generally it is a life-long disorder. In recent years, Botulinum toxin type A (BtA) has become the first line therapy. However,...

Botulinum toxin type B in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BTXs) inhibit the presynaptic release of acetylcoline causing a chemical denervation that results in sustained muscle weakness and have been used in the past 20 years to induce selective blocking of hyperactive striatal (and smooth) muscles. All the different seven serotypes of BTXs have in common the mechanism of action (block of the neuroexocytosis machinery inside the ...